Use of Ethenol for the Vehicles of Pakistan

[timeport]

Global Experience
Substitution of Petroleum by ethanol as a motor fuel has already gained universal recognition. Several countries of the world have successfully developed their fuel Ethanol program .At present Brazil is a leading country with an annual production capacity of 12-14 billion liters and a share of 36% in world?s production followed by USA having an annual production capacity of 8-10 billion liters with a share of 26%, China with an annual production capacity of 3.6 billion liters with a share of 9.5% while EU,s annual production capacity is 2.5 billion liters having a share of 6.5%. Other countries, which also have developed a fuel Ethanol program are Sweden, India, Canada, Australia, and Thailand.
2.In Brazil Ethanol has effectively taken over a major share of auto fuel consumption and now 20-26% of fuel ethanol is blended with petrol. Brazil produce?s around 14 billion liters of ethanol, of which 13 billion liters is used domestically. Around 50-55% of cane is used directly to produce ethanol while the balance is used to produce sugar. Brazil has also used flex fuel car, which runs on the fuel ethanol blended with petrol or 100% of hydrous (industrial alcohol). The sale of flex fuel cars grew by 450% during last year.? In USA ethanol production has also increased by 48% in 2003-2004 and expected to increase to 90% by year 2012.Other regional countries fuel ethanol program are as under:
In China fuel ethanol target for the year 2010 is 2.0 billion Liters
In India fuel ethanol production reached to 1.3 billion out of 2.82 billion installed capacity and 5% blending has been made mandatory by the government
In Japan gasoline mixing with of 3% ethanol is under trial production.
In Thailand 10% Ethanol blending with gasoline allowed in January 2005.
3.At present global ethanol production is 38 billion liters and the sector has been growing at the rate of 3% in 2000,7% in 2001, 9% in 2002 and 14% in 2003 showing an increasing tendency of conversion on renewable energy.
Prospects of Fuel Ethanol for Pakistan
4.Production of Molasses remained between 1.3 million tones to 2.1 million tones during last ten years (1994-2004), while export of molasses remained between 0.703 million tones to 1.748 million tones. Apart from export of substantial quantities of molasses from Pakistan , production of alcohol from molasses comprises the only major value-added product manufactured in the country. Major portion of alcohol is being exported which has increased from 6 million Ltr in 1994-95 to 100.351 million Ltr (80,285 M.Tons) in 2003-04. Other domestic consumption of Alcohol includes usage in Varnishes, Paints, Cosmetics, medicines, Explosives, Acetic Acid, Ethyl acetate, Butyl Acetate, Acetone, Acetic Anhydride, Acetate yarn, Paper, Paint, Leather, etc.
5.Alcohol Industry in the country has grown from 2 distilleries with capacities of 4 million ltr to 9 distilleries with capacities of 156.75 M.Ltr in 2002-03 and it is expected that number of distilleries will increased to 21 by 2005-06 with capacity of 504 M.Ltr (403,500 tons)
6.Distillery industry normally operates for 250 days and with the alcohol production efficiency of 250 liters per ton of molasses, availability and consumption of alcohol is under:
Installed alcohol production capacity 400,000MT
Local consumption 2,000MT
Export (current year) 80,000MT
Balance: 318,000MT
7.Balance of 318,000 MT can be produced in the form of industrial, superfine or fuel ethanol; however, its conversion into fuel ethanol is dependent on the governments indigenous fuel ethanol program. The conversion of industrial alcohol into fuel ethanol can be done in a simple process by using Molecular Sieve Technology with a capital expenditure of US$ 1.5 million and can be accomplished in 5 to 6 months.
8.A blend of alcohol and petrol (ratio of 10:90 or 20: 80) is acceptable for use as motor fuel. At present there are no Fuel Ethanol producing units in the country. Number of distilleries is expected to increase from 9 to 21 units, which can produce Ethanol as a fuel (motor fuel).
9.Alcohol has an octane number of 99 while petrol has 90. If petrol is blended with 10% ethanol, its octane number can increase to 91, with 20% blending ratio it can increase to 91.8 and with 30% blending ratio it can increase to 92.7 octane number. Higher octane number of alcohol gives the higher compression ratio and higher thermal efficiency.
10.Presently Pakistan imports petroleum products to the tune of 3.1 billion US $, which has made a significant contribution to the rising trade deficit of the country. In order to address this issue, it is high time to explore other options for fuel requirement of the country. Pakistan , s expected consumption of petrol in the year 2005-06 would be around 1.6 million tons, if the country starts blending with the ratio of 10%, we are going to have additional fuel ethanol of 160,000 tons. This can be further increased with the increase of blending ratio to 20%. In this regard Pakistan Sugar Mills Association has made following recommendations for consideration of the Government and formulation of national policy for the production of ethnol and its uses.
11.Recommendations
i.A mandatory 10% blending with petrol be announced after consultation with the oil companies. To make it viable for the oil companies substantial tax breaks may be announced.Throughout the world the blending programme is introduced with full support of the Government and by offering major incentives to the industrial stakeholders.? No change in car engines is required for a 10% blend.
ii.10% blend can be increased, subsequently, with minimal changes in the engine.
iii.All auto mobile companies must be given a target to produce a certain percentage of flex fuel cars by a certain date.? This percentage should then increase in the following years.
iv.Other sources of raw material; maize, wheat, rice, potatoes, sorghum etc., should be explored by MINFAL.
v.As the programme moves ahead and the consumption of fuel ethanol increases, the Sugar Industry can make ethanol directly from cane juice, as is done in Brazil and many other countries.
vi.For the programme to succeed it is imperative to set the price of fuel ethanol according to the price of molasses. A system of determining the price of molasses can be set-up in consultation with all the stakeholders.
vii.To ensure the availability of molasses, the Government might have to restrict the export of molasses, as is done in several countries. But this can be done only by taken all stakeholders into confidence.
12.All concerned have been requested to examine the above mentioned recommendations and present their suggestions for formulation of National Policy on the production and use of indigenous ethnol in Pakistan in the next joint meeting of stakeholders under the chairmanship of Minister for Industries, Production and Special Initiatives

[autophile]

Ethanol As a fuel
Ethanol fuel and ethanol fuel in Brazil

The largest single use of ethanol is as a motor fuel and fuel additive. The largest national fuel ethanol industries exist in Brazil.

The Brazilian ethanol industry is based on sugarcane; as of 2004, Brazil produces 14 billion liters annually, enough to replace about 40% of its gasoline demand. Also as a result, they announced their independence from Middle East oil in April 2006. Most new cars sold in Brazil are flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on ethanol, gasoline, or any blend of the two. In addition, all fuel sold in Brazil contains at least 25% ethanol.

The products of the combustion of pure ethanol and pure oxygen (under ideal conditions) are water and carbon dioxide. The chemical combustion reaction of pure ethanol with pure oxygen is: C2H6O + 3 O2 ? 2 CO2 + 3 H2O. However, the general reaction with stoichiometric air (normal atmospheric air) will produce a combination of water, carbon dioxide and an oxide of nitrogen. Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide are possible products depending on combustion temperatures and reaction conditions.

The United States fuel ethanol industry is based largely on corn. As of 2005, its capacity is 15 billion liters annually. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 requires U.S. fuel ethanol production to increase to 28 billion liters (7.5 billion gallons) by 2012. In the United States, ethanol is most commonly blended with gasoline as a blend of up to 10% ethanol, known as E10 and nicknamed "gasohol". This blend is widely sold throughout the U.S. Midwest, which contains the nation's chief corn-growing centers.

In 2005, the Indy Racing League announced its cars will run on a 10% ethanol - 90% methanol blend fuel, and in 2007, the cars will race on 100% ethanol.

Ethanol has only 66% of the energy content of gasoline (in terms of lower heating value with units of "BTU/US gallons").[13]

Some believe Butanol is a better option since it can be made from the same corn and other natural products. It works in all existing cars not just flex fuel ones. It gets better gas-mileage - than gasoline or ethanol and provides better octane levels. It also pollutes less than ethanol or gasoline per mile.[citation needed]


Thailand, India, China and Japan have now launched their national gasohol policies. Thailand started blending 10% ethanol for its ULG95 in 1985; now there are more than 4000 stations serving E10. The blending of 10% ethanol into 95 RON gasoline will be mandated by the end of 2006 and into 91 RON gasoline by the end of 2010. It is expected that once the production of ethanol from cassava and sugar cane molasses can be ramped up, a higher blending ratio like E20 or E85 or even Flexible Fuel Vehicles will be introduced to Thailand.

Ethanol with a water content of 2% or less can be used as the alcohol in the production of biodiesel, replacing methanol, which is quite dangerous to work with.

General Motors of Canada are preparing the launch of E85 flex-fuel vehicles, and will be sold at the same price as their gasoline-only versions. Most of these new vehicles are being produced in Oshawa, Ontario.

General Motors in the United States states they have over 2 million vehicles on the road in all 50 states that are capable of running under a 85% ethanol-15% gasoline blend known as E85. In 2006, GM will produce more than 400,000 flexible fuel vehicles annually -- vehicles that can also operate on gasoline or E85 ethanol without any modifications or special switches.

Unfortunately, ethanol cannot be transported by pipeline due to its chemical volatility. It currently is transported by railways and barges.

Also some of the problems experienced with ethanol include:

To match the detonation characteristics of gasoline at high-power settings, the utilization of ethanol-based fuels requires fuel-flow volume increases of nearly 40%. This means that currently-published performance information is not accurate when using ethanol-based fuels.
Ethanol-based fuels are not compatible with some fuel system components. Examples of extreme corrosion of ferrous components, the formation of salt deposits, jelly-like deposits on fuel strainer screens, and internal separation of portions of rubber fuel tanks have been observed in some vehicles using ethanol fuels.
The use of ethanol-based fuels can negatively affect electric fuel pumps by increasing internal wear and undesirable spark generation.
E-85 is not compatible with capacitance fuel level gauging indicators and may cause erroneous fuel quantity indications in vehicles that employ that system.
E-85 is capable of dissolving large amounts of water at conditions down to -77°, thereby impeding the detection and removal of water from the fuel system.[citation needed]
E-85 may block fuel filters, thereby affecting fuel flow.
E-85 experiences heavy evaporation losses.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

[levin]

too much to read here.

[testdriver]

Either we use Petrol, Diesel, CNG, Coal, Ethanol, ultimately their prices are going to rise.........

[kiani1]

I hope the prices go down after this......

[tauseen123]

NO i dun think so that Ethanol's prices are gonna Rise!! because its not a fossil fuel Which is going to get Exhausted!!! It can be created !! And i Guess That is What Will make iT Cheap INSHALLAH !!!




Just waiting for the Day when it Will be widely used as a Fuel especially in PK.





waisae IS ETHANOL MORE Powerfull Then Petrol !?!? Just a Question ?!?!





R3GAR|)s.