Hi evry one,i think term lamda is use for CNG step motor controler device which attached with oxsygen sensor. for petrol its catalytic injection system. i have baleno 1.5 GTI with catalytic injection system,ABS & Multimode Autotransmision gear, there is no co adjustment variables for adjusting the fuel level. its auto programed the fule adjsuted through oxsygen sensor automacticlay according to engine need.
for your information see some details below:
Introduction to Oxygen Sensors
Oxygen sensors are a product that have been around for over 20 years not, yet most motorists don't even know
they have one or more of these devices on their vehicle - let alone what it does.
The only time motorists become aware of the oxygen sensor is if they get a Check Engine light and there's a
code that indicates an O2 sensor problem or their vehicle fails an emissions test because of a sluggish or dead
O2 sensor. If their engine isn't running well or is using too much fuel, somebody might tell them they might need
a new O2 sensor. But in most cases, they won't have a clue as to how to diagnose or test this mysterious little
device that is often blamed for all kinds of driveability and emission ills. That puts the sales knowledge on the
parts professional.
FUNCTION
So what exactly does the O2 sensor do? It monitors the fuel mixture so the engine computer can adjust the
air/fuel ratio to maintain the lowest possible emissions and best fuel economy. The O2 sensor does this by
reacting to unburned oxygen in the exhaust. The sensor generates a small voltage signal (usually less than 1
volt) that increases when the air/fuel mixture goes rich, and drops when the air/fuel mixture goes lean. It's acts
like a rich/lean switch that signals the computer every time the fuel mixture changes, which is constantly.
The way the computer maintains a balanced fuel mixture is by doing the opposite of what the O2 sensor reads.
If the O2 sensor reads rich (too much fuel), the computer shortens the on-time of each injector pulse to reduce
the amount of fuel being squirted into the engine. This makes the mixture go lean. As soon as the O2 sensor
detects this and gives a lean reading (not enough fuel), the computer reacts and increases the on-time of each
injector pulse to add more fuel. This back-and-forth balancing act creates an average mixture that is pretty close
to ideal. This is the "fuel feedback control loop" that allows today's vehicles to maintain extremely low emission
levels, and the O2 sensor is the key sensor in this loop.
The computer uses other sensor inputs, too, like those from the coolant sensor, throttle position sensor,
manifold absolute pressure sensor, airflow sensor, etc. to further refine the air/fuel radio as needed to suit
changing operating conditions. But the O2 sensor provides the main input that determines what happens to the
fuel mixture. So if the O2 sensor isn't reading right, it screws up everything. Typically, a bad O2 sensor will read
low (lean), which causes the engine to run too rich, pollute too much and use too much gas. A low reading can
be caused by several things: old age, contamination, a ad wiring connection, or an ignition or compression
problem in the engine.
AGING O2 SENSORS
As an O2 sensor ages, it doesn't react as quickly as it once did. The increased lag time makes the sensor
sluggish and prevents the engine from keeping the air/fuel mixture in close balance. If the engine burns oil or
develops an internal coolant leak, the sensor element may become contaminated causing the sensor to fail.
Back when leaded gasoline was still available, a single tankful of leaded fuel would kill most O2 sensors in a few
hundred miles. That's why the government finally eliminated leaded fuel.
Because the sensor reacts to oxygen in the exhaust and not fuel, any engine problem that allows unburned air
to pass through the cylinders will also trick an O2 sensor into reading lean. A misfiring spark plug or a leaky
exhaust valve - even a leak in the exhaust manifold gasket - may allow enough air into the exhaust to screw up
the sensor readings. It won't damage the sensor, but it will create a rich running condition that hurts emissions
and fuel economy.
Introduction to Oxygen Sensors Pg 2 of 2 http://www.autotap.com
HOT, HOT, HOT
Something else you need to know about O2 sensors is that they have to be hot (617 to 662 degrees F) to
produce a voltage signal. It may take a few minutes for the exhaust to heat up the sensor, so most O2 sensors
in newer vehicles have a built-in electrical heater circuit to get the sensor up to temperature as quickly as
possible. These are usually three-wire and four-wire O2 sensors. The single and two-wire O2 sensors are
unheated.If the heater circuit fails, it won't affect the operation of the O2 sensor once the exhaust gets hot but it
will delay the computer from going into closed loop, which may cause a vehicle to fail an emissions test.
DIAGNOSIS AND REPLACEMENT
O2 sensors can be diagnosed a variety of ways, most of which require special equipment. A scan tool or code
reader is required to pull O2 codes from most newer vehicles, though manual "flash codes" are available on
older vehicles. If an O2 sensor problem is suspected, the sensor's response and voltage output can be
monitored with a scan tool, a voltmeter or digital oscilloscope. If the tests confirm the O2 sensor is dead or
sluggish, replacement is the only repair option. There is no way to "clean" or "rejuvenate" a bad O2 sensor.
Replacement sensors must be the same basic type as the original (heated or unheated) and have the same
performance characteristics and heater wattage requirements. Installing the wrong O2 sensor could affect
engine performance and possibly damage the heater control circuit in the engine computer. So make sure you
follow the O2 sensor supplier's replacement listings.
Don't go by appearance alone. Some replacement O2 sensors have an OEM-type wiring connection and require
no modifications to install. Others (typically the "universal type O2 sensors") require splicing the sensor wires
into the original connector harness.
REPLACEMENT INTERVALS
To maintain peak engine performance, there's no need to wait until the sensor fails to replace it. Some experts
now recommend replacing O2 sensors at specific mileage intervals for preventive maintenance. The
recommended interval for unheated one or two wire O2 sensors on 1976 through early 1990s applications is
every 30,000 to 50,000 miles. Heated three- and four-wire O2 sensors on mid-1980s through mid-1990s
applications can be changed every 60,000 miles. And on 1996 and newer OBD2 vehicles, the recommended
replacement interval is 100,000 miles.
HOW MANY?
Four cylinder and straight six cylinder engines typically have only one O2 sensor in the exhaust manifold. With
V6 and V8 engines, there is one O2 sensor for each cylinder bank, or a total of two (one in each exhaust
manifold).
On 1996 and newer vehicles with OBD2 (On Board Diagnostics II), there is also one or more additional O2
sensors mounted after the catalytic converter to monitor the efficiency of the converter. If a vehicle has dual
exhausts, there will be one downstream O2 sensor for each side. So a V8 vehicle with dual exhausts will usually
have a total of four O2 sensors.