If you don't know what you're looking for, how will you find it? It might just have crossed your eyes ten times and you would have ignored it.
The outside temperature sensor in all cars is located in a position which is away from engine heat, and is towards the front of the car so that air passes over it as you drive. It is most likely to be somewhere in front of the radiator, and close to the ground.
Now the most important thing. A temperature sensor is essentially a thermistor, which is a temperature dependent resistor. It's a pretty bullet proof thing, it is highly unlikely for it to malfunction under normal circumstances. If your car was hit in a way which could affect either the sensor or the wire leading to it, then there could be a problem.
The error which you see could only mean two things: one, a short circuit, meaning your sensor wires are touching each other. Second, an open circuit, meaning that the sensor isn't connected at all.
You may also try to recall if there's any electrical alteration/modification/repair you got done in your car recently, in which the sensor wire may have been affected.
Lastly, if you still can't figure out the problem let me know. I will help you out.
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