Thanks!
In addition to what Momin says, I would add that it depends on the camera.
One technique I find useful is to take a picture in the full auto mode and look at the settings the camera has used. After all, most cameras these days are pretty good.
Then I decide on the the type of photo I want to take and the effect I want to achieve. So I will modify the settings starting from the baseline the camera has suggested. I will select an Aperture or Shutter Priority program, or even go full manual if available.
The last thing I adjust is the over or under exposure bias, if needed.
I hope this helps. I am still a beginner student myself, so this advice may not be exactly correct.