Random Tech Info - Graphics only

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vehicle differential

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clutch system in a vehicle

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Front Wheel Drive Setup

[Xulfiqar]

and if you remove the rack and mount this in the rear its called independant type rear suspension on RWD car.

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@babarhyd

Wheel Offset and Backspacing Explained

Offset refers to how your car’s or truck’s wheels and tires are mounted and sit in the wheel wells.

Zero wheel offset is when the hub mounting surface is in line with the centerline of the wheel.

Positive wheel offset is when the hub mounting surface is in front (more toward the street side) of the centerline of the wheel. Most wheels on front-wheel drive cars and newer rear-drive vehicles have positive offset.

Negative offset is when the hub mounting surface is behind the wheel centerline. “Deep dish” wheels are typically a negative offset

Customizing your ride with aftermarket wheels and tires is a fun way to make your car or truck your own. If you’re shopping around, it helps to have a basic understanding of wheel offset.

Proper offset assures your new package has enough clearance so nothing rubs against the suspension, brakes or vehicle body (like fenders, bumpers and mud flaps).

It’s also important for driving safety, since the wrong offset can reduce vehicle stability or interfere with braking.

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Throttle body

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differential

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engine power to transmission to wheels transfer components

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BMW drive shaft

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Manifold absolute pressure sensor—> Air volume measurement using a Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor is based on the principle that “intake manifold pressure is almost proportionate to the intake air volume of one stroke of the engine".

The MAP sensor detects the intake manifold pressure downstream from the throttle valve in order to indirectly calculate the intake air volume based on the relationship between pressure and engine rotational speed.

The MAP sensor is a compact semiconductor vacuum sensor that utilizes characteristics (piezoelectric resistance effect) whereby electrical resistance changes when pressure is applied to silicon (single crystal). Thus, the MAP sensor inputs intake manifold pressure to the engine ECU in the form of electric signals.The intake air volume is then calculated from these electric signals for accurate air-fuel ratio control.

Depending on the application, it can be used for other purposes such as measuring the boost pressure (upstream from the throttle valve) or the turbo manifold pressure in real time with high reliability even in a severe turbocharging or supercharging environment. Also temperature detection is possible in cases where there is an integrated air temperature sensor.

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Knock Sensor :
A sensor that detects the knocking vibration of the engine with piezoelectric ceramics, used in spark advance control, will contribute to the improvement and fuel economy of the engine performance.

Application
Piezoelectric ceramic sensor for the detection of vibration caused by engine knocking. Knock sensors are used for ignition timing control that contributes to improved engine performance and fuel economy.

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basic electricals in a vehicle

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morning smoke puff valve seal leaking

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suspension anatomy

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crimp type battery terminal