Baffle is the face you mount the sub or speakers on. double baffle means that the baffle is two sheets of mdf instead of one like for example if the box is 0.75", the baffle will be 1.5". this gives rigidity to the box and allow you to flush mount the sub.
Polyfill is actually polyester sheet used in "vicky razai". you can get it from the guy who sells laces, ribbons and other stuff used in female stitching. you line the enclosure with it. what it does is that it absorbs the back waves of the sub and the sub behaves as if it is in a bigger box. this is used primarily in sealed boxes.