Though Doha is not a big city there are many places you can visit. You can start with Souq Waqif Souq Waqif is a marketplace in Doha, in the state of Qatar. The souq is noted for selling traditional garments, spices, handicrafts, and souvenirs. It is also home to dozens of restaurants and Shisha lounges. You will see a lot of people in souq waqif in the evening or during the weekend.
The pearl Qatar is another place .... its an artificial island spanning nearly four square kilometers. It is the first land in Qatar to be available for freehold ownership by foreign nationals.
You can visit Katara One of the most beautiful natural beaches of Qatar, Katara's private beach spans over 1.5km. Beachgoers have a choice between enjoying a relaxed beach.
You can visit Villaggio Mall which is a shopping mall located in the Aspire Zone in the west end of Doha, the capital city of Qatar. It is located on Al Waab Street between the Hyatt Plaza and Sports City and has over 200 stores, including many famous brands in the U.S., U.K., Italian and German markets. The pics in the post which has a water canal in a mall is Villagio.
The Corniche is a must-visit place in the evening. Its a waterfront promenade extending for seven kilometers along Doha Bay in the capital city of Qatar.
Other places are City Center, the Festival city, Falcon Souq, Museum of Qatar, Katara Cultural Village, etc ...
As soon as you exit the Airport you have the choice either to take a taxi or a public transport bus (which is free I think but I am not confirmed ). I took a taxi and went direct to my hotel. On my first trip, it was Hilton and during my second trip, it was The Millinium Doha. I heard they have started the metro and it will be easier to travel now. At that point, the metro was not operating. I preferred the Taxi as its quick and not that expensive. You will find private taxi owners at different places and bargain a good price for many places altogether.