The rectifier diode bank is internal to the alternator - the stud sticking out where you tighten the heavy cable is the end of the rectifier plate, the voltage regulator is screwed on it and is connected to the slip rings of the rotor via carbon brushes.
What you need to test is firstly the battery standing voltage after letting it rest for 1 hour, you should see 12.6V which means the battery is 100% charged, at 11.9V the battery is fully dead.
Now start the engine and let it stabilise - check the system voltage - it should be near 14V constantly, under load too. If its low, use a jumper cable to connect the alternator main to the battery positive, If that does not help add a ground to the alternator casing. If that does not help make sure you get a good strong 12V supply at the "on" wire of the voltage regulator.
Also check the two fuseable wires on the battery - if they are bad or weak replace them with new ones or install fuses in place of them.